CH. KH. This character as consonant, belongs to the guttural sound. As symbolic image it represents every hollow object, in general; in particular, the hand of man half closed. As grammatical sign, it is the assimilative sign, that of reflective and transient life: it is a sort of mould which receives and communicates indifferently all forms. This character is derived, as I have already said, from the aspiration, which comes from the vocal principle, image of absolute life; but here it joins the ex­pression of organic character, of which it is a sort of reinforcement. In Hebrew, it is the assimilative and con­comitant article. Its movement in nouns and actions is similitude and analogy. The Hebraist grammarians, since they have neither included it among the heemanthes nor among the paragogics, have committed the grossest errors; they have merely regarded it as an inseparable article or an affix, and often have confused it with the word that it governs as article.
Its arithmetical number is 20.

CHA. Every idea of assimilated existence, of formation by contraction; that which is compact, tighten­ed, condensed to take some sort of form.
The Arabicdevelops, in general, the same ideas as the Hebraic root. In a restricted sense, this root is represented in English by the adverbial relations thus, the same,
such as, etc. It is remarkable that this character, as sign, fulfills in the Arabic idiom, the same functions as the Hebrew. As onomatopoetic rootexpresses the clucking of the hen; metaphorically, the action of gather­ing together, as a hen her chickens; or again, the state of being timid, chicken-hearted.
(comp.) A moral heaviness; an interior re­pression; every pain which is caused by a restrained and repressed desire.
(comp.) Action of being repressed interiorly, of leading a sad life, restricted, afflicted, painful.

CHB. Every idea of centralization; that which drawsnear the centre; which gravitates there.
The Arabiccharacterizes in general, that which carries from above below, precipitates, pours out, throws down, sinks, goes down. As onomatopoetic rootsignifies to cut. This root used in music designates me fundamental sound, the keynote.

CHG. Boot not nsed in Hebrew. The Arabic seems to indicate a sort of movement executed upon itself in spiral line. In particular it is a certain game for children.

CHD. That which partakes of relative unity, isolation, division. In a restricted sense a spark, a fragment.
The Chaldaic is represented in a restricted sense, by the adverbial relation when. The Arabicsignifies in general, to act in one’s own interest, to work for self; in particular, to he industrious, to intrigue, to be fatigued, tormented.

CHE. Boot analogous to the root, but whose expression is spiritualized and reinforced by the presence of the sign.
That which is conformable to a given model; that which coincides with a point of space or time, which can be conceived in an abstract sense, by the adverbial relations yes, thus, like this; that; in that very place; at that very time, etc.
The Arabichaving lost all the ideas attached to the Hebraic root or having concentrated them in the prim­itive sign, has become an onomatopoetic root depicting an oppressed respiration either by old age, by illness, or by excess of drinking.
(intens.) From the idea of an excess of restric­tion, comes that of fright, weakness, pusillanimity: con­trition; dimming of the eyes; dizziness, faintness, etc. (comp.) Every value. See.
(comp.) Every administration, distinguished function; literally, priesthood, pontificate; a priest, a man raised in dignity to special supervision. See•

OHOU. Every assimilating, compressing, re­straining force: the natural faculty w hich fetters the dev­elopment of bodies and draws them back to their elements. Boot analogous to the root, but modified by the presence of .the convertible sign.The Arabic roothas certainly developed the same universal ideas in the ancient idiom; hut in the modern, it is restricted to characterize a sort of cauterization. The idea of combustion, of burning is expressed in particular, by the root, and by the wordis understood  in general, that wnich is strong, vigorous, violent, extreme.
Action of arresting the scope of vegetation; repressing bodies, shrivelling them by burning; reducing them to ashes.
Combustion; that which roasts, burns; corrodes,
{comp.) That which holds to the central force; that which depends upon igneous power; that which after being centralized is unbound like a spring; in general it is thevirtual faculty of the earth.
{comp.) That which seizes and agglomerates. See•
[ID (comp.) See.
(comp.) A furnace.
(comp.) See•

CHZ. Boot not used in ilebrew. The Arabic indicates everything which is contracted in itself, shrivelled.
Is a restricted sensesignifies to be disgusted.

CHEH. Boot not used in Hebrew. In Syriac, is onomatopoetic, expressing the effort made in retaining one’s breath.
The Arabic, being the reinforcement of the root. characterizes the state of an asthmatic person, or of one worn out with old age.

(comp.) Action of retaining a thing, hiding it, concealing it carefully.
(comp.) Action of disguising a thing, smearing it.
(comp.) Action of denying a thing, lying.

CHT. Root not used in Hebrew.
The Arabic , expresses the action of gorging with food to the point of being unable to breathe. Figuratively, it is to fill be­yond measure, to overpower with work. In the modern idiomsignifies bushy hair.

CHI. Manifestation of any assimilating, com­pressing force. See.
The Arabicsignifies in a restricted sense, a burn.The force expressed by this root is represented in an abstract sense, by the relations that, because, for, then, when, etc.

(comp.) Everything which compresses strongly, whichcrowds, which presses: literally, armour; a scourge.
(comp.) That which is covetous, tenacious; a
miser.
(comp.) Constellation of the Pleiades; because of the manner in which the stars cluster.
(comp.) A purse filled with money; a casket.
(comp.) A rock; a thing hard and strong, of compressed substance.

CHKH. Root not used in Hebrew. The Chaldaic signifies nothing more than the Hebrew.
The Ethiopic (each) is an onomatopoetic root which denotes the cry of a crow.

CHL. This root expresses all ideas of appre-hension, shock, capacity, relative assimilation, consummation, totalization, achievement, perfection.
The Arabicdevelops in general, the same ideas of complement, totalization, as the Hebrew; but in leaving its source, it inclines rather toward the totalization of evil than toward that of good; so that in the Arabic idiom is taken figuratively, for excess of fatigue, height of misfortune, extreme poverty, etc. This root being rein­forced by the guttural aspiration, offers in, a meaning absolutely contrary to the primitive sense of accumulation, and designates the state of that which diminishes, which is lessened.
That which is integral, entire, absolute, perfect, total, universal: that which consumes, concludes, finishes, totalizes a thing; that which renders it complete, perfect, accomplished: which comprises, contains it, in determining its accomplishment: the universality of things; their assimilation, aggregation, perfection; the desire of possessing; possession; a prison: the consumption of foods, their assimilation with the substance of the body, etc.
Action of totalizing, accomplishing, comprising, universalizing, consummating, etc.

CHM. Every tension, inclination, desire for as­similation.
The Arabicsignifies how much. The root, as verb, signifies to know the quantity of some thing, or to fix that quantity.

CHN. This root, wherein the assimilative sign is united to the root, image of all corporeal circum­scription, is related to that which enjoys a central force energetic enough to become palpable, to form a body, to acquire solidity: it is in general, the base, the point upon which things rest.
The Arabichas not differed from the Hebraic root in its primitive origin; but its developments have been dif­ferent. The intellectual rootto be-being, almost en­tirely lost in Arabic, has been replaced by thephysical root; so that in the Arabic idiom the wordwhich should designate only material, corporeal existence, substance in general, signifies being. This substitution of one root for another has had very grave consequences, and has served more than anything else to estrange Arabic from Hebrew.
That which holds to physical reality, corporeal kind; stability, solidity, consistency; a fixed, constituted, naturalized thing: in a restricted sense, a plant: in an abstract sense, it is the adverbial relatives, yes, thus, that, then, etc.
The Arabic, in consequence of the reasons ex­plained above, characterizes the state of that which is, that which exists, or passes into action in nature. This root which, in Arabic, has usurped the place of the pri­mitive root signifies literally it existed. It can be re­marked that the Samaritan and Chaldaic follow the sense of the Hebraic root, whereas the Syriac and Ethiopic fol­low that of the Arabic.
Action of constituting, disposing, fixing, ground­ing; action of strengthening, affirming, confirming; action of conforming, qualifying for a thing, producing according to a certain mode, designating by a name, naturalizing, etc.

CHS. Every idea of accumulation, enumera­tion, sum.
The top; the pinnacle of an edifice; a throne.
The Arabieexpresses in general, the action of re­moving the superficies of things; in particular, that of clip­ping, cutting with scissors. The onomatopoetic root expresses the idea of utmost exertion, and the Arabic nounpudendum muliebre.

Action of numbering, calculating; accumulating, carrying to the top; filling up, covering, etc.

CHOH. Root not used in Hebrew. The Chaldaic indicates in an onomatopoetic manner, the souud of spitting.
The Arabic develops only ideas of baseness, cowardice.
(comp.) Action of being indignant, vexed; pro­voking. irritating another.

CHPH. Every idea of curvature, concavity, inflection; of a thing capable of containing, holding: in a restricted sense, palm of the hand, sole of the foot, talons, daws of an animal, a spoon; that which curves like a sleeve, a branch: that which has capacity, like a stove, a spatula, etc.
The Arabiccontains exactly the same ideas as the Hebraic root. As verb, and in a figurative sense, signifies to preserve, defend, keep.
Action of bending, being inflected, made concave, etc.

CHTZ. Root not used in Hebrew.
The Arabic appears to signify a sort of unduiatory movement as that of water agitated. This root being doubled in indicates  a movement extremely accelerated.

CHR. The assimilative sign united to that of movement proper, or by contraction with the elementary rootconstitutes a root related in general, to that which is apparent, conspicuous; which serves as monument, as distinctive mark: which engraves or serves to engrave; which hollows out, which preserves the memory of things in any manner whatsoever; finally, that which grows, rises, is noticeable.
The Arabichas certainly developed the same general sense as the Hebraic root, in its primitive accepta­tion ; but in a less broad sense, the Arabic root is limited to expressing the action of returning on itself, on its steps; reiterating the same movement, repeating a speech, etc.
Every kind of character, mark, engraving; every distinctive object: leader of a flock, a ram; leader of an army, a captain: every kind of excavation; a furrow, ditch, trench, etc.
A round vessel, a measure.

CHSH. This root is applied in general to the idea of a movement of vibration which agitates and ex­pands the air.
The Arabic signifies literally to shrivel up, to shrink in speaking of the nerves: to shorten.
(comp.) That which is of the nature of fire and communicates the same movement. Figuratively, that which is spiritual, igneous.

CHTH. Every idea of retrenchment, scission, suspension, cut, schism.
Action of cutting, carving, retrenching, exclud­ing, separating, making a schism, etc.
The Arabicpresents exactly the same sense ingeneral. In particular,signifies to shrink; by is understood the action of curling the hair.